Cost of starting a commercial drone service in Singapore (updated June 2022)

Heres an update on the various fees required before commercial drone services can be provided in Singapore.

Category	Type	SGD	Type
Drone	Registration	15	One-time
	Tracker	265	One-time
	Tracker subscription	200	Per annum
Organisation	Operator Permit	600	One-time
	Addition of new drone type to OP	400	One-time
	OP renewal	200	Per annum
Personnel	UA Pilot License Theory	200	One-time
	UA Pilot Practical Assessment	300-400	One-time
	UA Pilot Registration	500	One-time
Activity	Activity Permit	75	Per location
	Repeat Activity Permit	25	Per location

Tracker and its associated subscription is a new item imposed on drone operators from June 2022.

Ehang Air Taxi design

I was reading about Ehand latest demonstration flights in Vienna and noticed they changed the design of the air taxi.

The previous design has 4 booms with coaxial design:

Source: Ehang

The latest design Ehang 216 has 8 booms with coaxial design:

source: CNBC

It is very weird that Ehang design the air taxi such that the passenger cabin is above the propeller instead of underneath it like an helicopter. This forces passenger to walk close to the exposed propellers every time they want to get on and off the taxi. This by itself may not pose any safety concerns since the design can be such that the power to the motors will only be turned on when the passengers are in the cabin. However, psychologically it adds additional stress to passengers which seems unnecessary and hard to overcome.

In a survey conducted by Deliotte https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/future-of-mobility/psychological-barriers-to-elevated-mobility-autonomous-aerial-vehicles.html

about half of the survey respondents are unconvinced that air taxis will be safe

Perhaps consumer psychology can be taken into account when designing air taxis and perhaps it will be well worth it to trade off some flying efficiency .

Phantom 4 VS Matrice M210

Today, a guest post by our pilot You Zhi. A capable operator, he has flown missions in many challenging environments, from the forests in Sarawak, to the open South China Sea and many a petrolchemical plant.

He shares his observations of two quadcopters from the giant DJI. Both share the same propulsion configuration, yet very much different in their capabilities.

Phantom 4 vs Matrice M210

Having flown Phantom 4 for about a year, I pretty much got used to how reliable and capable it can be, it was a true workhorse - with its great camera and easy to fly flight system and un-intimidating stature.

Then we received the new M210.

Opening the M210 hard carrying case is equivalent to unboxing a rifle, it was black and sleek. It looked like a weapon.

Flight
However despite its intimidating looks, the M210 too was a joy to fly. Very stable in hover but agile when you push it hard. It was like a Phantom 4 on steroids! The P4 has a much smaller foot print thus a tendency to move around in the wind.

Payload

With M210 you have the option of bottom and top mounts for your camera, in the latter case, a must for under bridge/deck inspection work.

The P4 is limited to one fixed camera – a good one - but not as versatile as the M210 platform with its dizzying array of Zenmuse systems to mate it with.
 

Other Features
Some other features you get with M210 is its IP rating which means it has a good seal from dust and moisture.

Finally, a drone which does not give the operator a heart attack when you feel drops of rain, too many times a project has to postponed because of a slight drizzle. A waste of time and a spent opportunity cost.

With the new highly configurable cadence controller and the Crystalsky 7 inch monitor that works well under glaring sun. A well thought out product, for operations rain or (too much) shine.

Conclusion
The Phantom 4 Pro is a reliable multipurpose drone but it has its limitations. It is sort of like a Swiss army knife – you can use it for many purposes, but there are better tools for the job.

The M210 is like a well-honed sword. You can see DJI bred it for a specific purpose. To hit the commercial sector with professional requirements. Reflected in its invaluable features – it is a drone to get the job done in challenging environments.

Avetics Safety Series - Understanding Multicopter Redundancy

We are introducing a safety series, in-depth observations from our engineering teams to share drone safety insights from engineering perspectives. These insights are based on our operational and R&D experience.

In this article, we will be discussing multicopter redundancy. When it comes to safety, one key consideration is propulsion redundancy. However, not all drones are made equal and it is important for evaluators to understand the key differences between drone motor configurations and the specific behavior of each configuration during motor failure.

Propulsion basics

Propeller is attached to a motor which spins either anti-clockwise or clockwise. This creates thrust - but also a clockwise or anti clockwise moment.

Moment - In simple terms, is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

The moment created will be in the opposite direction of the propeller spin direction. This moment if not cancelled, will cause the drone to spin. If the thrust is too much on one side of the drone it will cause the drone to flip to the other. Hence thrust must be balanced on all sides for stability.

Quadcopter

By far the most popular configuration. Quadcopters have 4 motors usually arranged in the X configuration. Quadcopters might still be controllable when 1 side of a propeller breaks but when 1 motor fails, the quadcopter will flip and crash.

Thrust

When M2 fails, there is no thrust from M2. The drone falls towards M2, just like what will happen to a 4 legged square table with one broken leg.

 

Hexacopter

This is also a very popular design and is usually used when the drone needs to lift a heavier load.

Thrust

If M2 fails, there is no thrust from M2. To maintain level flight, M1 and M3 spins faster to make up for the lost thrust from M2. The drone is able to maintain level flight.

 

 

Moments

M2 spins clockwise, which generates anti-clockwise moments. When M2 fails, there is a loss of anti-clockwise moment, causing a net clockwise moment.

To make matters worse, while M1 and M3 spin faster to compensate for the lost thrust, they create more clockwise moments.

The platform has a net clockwise moment and will start spinning in a clockwise direction.

In modern drones with Intelligent Course Lock feature, the drone will still be controllable by a moderately skilled pilot since the computer onboard will take pilot input command (for example to pitch back) and transform it into actual commands relative to the drone heading (which is ever changing since the drone is spinning).

Note that this works only when there is solid GPS and compass signal as those algorithms need GPS and compass data to determine position. Without this feature, only an expert pilot will be able to land the drone since he will have to constantly change inputs relative to the drone heading just to command the drone in the desired direction.

 

Octocopter

The most expensive design will be the Octocopter.  Howeverm, compared to the quadcopter. This configuration is less efficient in propulsion, this is because for an equivalent size a Quadcopter will have more space between motors to spin longer propellers.

Thrust

If M2 fails, there is no thrust from M2. To main level flight, M1 and M3 spins faster to make up for the lost thrust from M2. The drone is able to maintain level flight.

 

Moments

M2 spins clockwise, which generates anti-clockwise moments. When M2 fails, there is a loss of anti-clockwise moment, causing a net clockwise moment.

While M1 and M3 spin faster to compensate for the lost thrust, they create more clockwise moments.

The platform has a net clockwise moment and will start spinning in a clockwise direction.

To prevent this, M4 and M8 spins faster to create additional anti-clockwise moments. When the additional anti-clockwise moments cancels out the net clockwise moment of the drone, there is no more net moments, and the drone does not spin.

M4 and M8 spinning faster will not cause the drone to pitch or roll, and still have level flight as they are opposite each other.

Thrust

M4 and M8 spinning faster increases the total thrust of the drone. To prevent the drone from climbing, all motors will spin slightly slower to decrease thrust in order to maintain height

The effect is the drone maintains thrust and heading. A trained pilot will be able to land the drone without any advance algorithms or strong GPS signal.

Conclusion

The Octocopter design presents the best chance of recovery when 1 motor fails. While the Hexacopter depends on how skilled the pilot is and whether advanced flight algorithms with strong GPS signals are available. The Quadcopter will most certainly crash.

Drones carrying people - death awaits

The Trend

There seems to be more and more projects involving drones carrying people. Ehang 184, a X8 design multicopter announced at CES 2016, is dubbed the air taxi of our time and is launching flights in Dubai soon.

Source: Popular Mechanics

Volocopter, a German based company is also launching their version as well with 18 propellers. There's also the Kitty Hawk, a project backed by Google's cofounder Larry Page, that looks more of a cross between a motorcycle and a drone. 

Source: Engadget

The Technology

Almost all of them share similar base operating concept as a small drone. A central processor with orientation and speed sensors giving commands to vary speeds of various motors. The difference is that they use substantially larger motors and probably better quality flight electronics. Unlike a plane or helicopter, the movement of these large drones are not controlled by mechanical means of varying some sort of control surface. Instead they rely on changing rotating speed of the motors. Therefore control is almost always electrical. This is important because unlike an aircraft with mechanical control as backup, these drones have to rely on electrical means which could be the cause of failure in the first place. Essentially redundancies highly dependent on the electronics not screwing up. Note that Volocopter and Ehang does not provide any control means for the passenger, it is essentially fully autonomous. A helicopter can still be controlled even if the propulsion fails by means of autorotation but not these drones.

Source: Transport Canada

Regulations

Unlike the commercial aviation industry, standards are not yet well established in this sector. The tests required are not well defined and robustness of the system is not proven.  It will probably take a few deaths before the industry becomes more regulated. This is not a morbid prediction but base on history of the aviation industry when it first started in the 1900s. Popular Mechanics has an excellent article that summarises changes made to aviation after crashes.  This will probably be the same case of drones carrying people.  Still not convinced? Ehang actually makes consumer drones as well, see here for a collection of Ehang Ghost drone crashing.